Human Computer Interaction Development and Management

Question: Discuss about the Human Computer InteractionforDevelopment and Management. Answer: Introduction of the Nominated Website Myer is a retail market chain which is situated in Australia. In 1900 MYERs was founded by Sydney Myer in Bendigo Australia. This market deals with broad range of products for men, women, childrens accessories and clothing as well as footwear. It also deals with cosmetics fragrances, homewares, electrical equipment, furniture travelling goods. Many Australian models serve as a FACE OF MYER. It is Australias largest and well known department store. The main headquarter of MYER is situated in Docklands, Melbourne. Now Myer have over 14000 workers working in their departmental stores (Barrier, 2002). Myer is the only stores which have many chains in different states of Australia. IN 1921 after purchasing the Doveton woollen mill Sydney Myer opens Myer Emporium in the same building in Melbourne. After few years of business Myer shares were listed in Melbourne Stock exchange then after the company gained interest in the market in 1925, the companys shares were also listed in Adelaide stoc k exchange. In 1934 the company had 5300 workers worker under them they also provided medical facilities as well rest rooms for the workers. After the death of the founder Sydney Myer in 1934 the responsibility of the business were given in the hand of Elcon Myer. After doing a successful business in Australia, Myer became Australias main property owners as well as developer. In the year 1968 Myer purchased Geelongs Lindsays stores and they renamed the business named as Target. They made the store as Discount departmental store (Chen, 2001). By introducing this new method business the company gained huge amount of profit and this method of doing business became successful. In 1985 Myer emporium merge with GJColes Coy and the companies name became Coles Myer limited. In 2006 after demerge from Cole Myer limited Myer made a history making clearance sale from $1.5 billion to $750 million. After crossing all hurdles in the year 2011 Myer first launch its online shopping sites. In 2015 t he company has updated business strategy for next five which states that the company from now will provide merchandise according to the wants of the customers. According to their glorious history the company will provide full satisfaction to the customers they will also provide shipping facilities. And nowadays due to rapid growth of e-commerce in Australia as well in many other parts of the world it will be much easier for the company to communicate with their customers so that they could deliver a proper product which is selected by the customers (Ghaoui, 2006). The new strategy which is developed by the company is founded by the advanced data analytics. This strategy will improve customer satisfaction which will lead to high sales and high profit. Every year due to the new strategy of business over 130 million customers visits Myer every year. Now whole over Australia there is 66 stores in which 23 stores are situated in the main cities of Australia. It is the fast growing Omni c hannel business which means it provides a proper multinational way of approach towards customers which helps customers shopping experience more enjoyable. And now due to the new strategy of business the customers by sitting at their home can buy and sell goods by using mobile phone or desktop because the company now provides cash on delivery services. Features of the Website Nowadays the online stores run smoothly by the help of ecommerce shopping cart engine. Myer is a well-known famous company in Australia. The companys website provides payment option for their customers, they accept credit cards as well as debit card and another option that is cash on delivery services which is also available by the company (Jacko, 2009). The company also offers option such as PayPal, Google checkout which attracts many young customers. The company provides time saving site search facilities for the customers so that customers could easily find the product of their own choice. The category facilities are also provided in the sites so that it will be easier for men and women to find the products of their own choice. Product review is also available by the site. The product review is needed because one cannot have idea which material is used in making of the product which he or she has selected from the site and it has been seen that around 65% of people in world buys p roduct by observing the review and the ratings of the products that why it is necessary for every online shopping site to provide product review and Myer also provides product review (Jameson, 2013). Wish list facilities are also provided by Myer. Every person does have money at every point of time so people save their selected product in the wish list when they will have the amount they could easily buy the product without wasting any time. The company also provides real time inventory to the customers many that many sites do not show the actual money. Myer have real time inventory facilities that display the amount in the computer screen which is to be paid off. This is one of the trusted e-commerce site as well as retail market. Positive Aspects Many big online shopping sites do not provide any order tracking facilities but Myer provides order tracking facilities. Order tracking facilities gives a rough expectation to the customers when the product will reach to himher. By introducing order tracking facilities the customer gains confidence that the product will be delivered to them and no fraud case will take place (Lewis, 1990). Myer also provide special offers to the customers by the means of gift card, discount, free shipping. This offer encourages the customers to visit the sites and an advantage is created for the shopping sites to earn a good brand value in the market. The most important point is the website security and Myer hires high grade of employees to protect their server. SSl data encryption is used to protect the server from hacking. This is the reason the customers feel save to buy from this site. The company provides full security for their customer thats why the customers feel more save to buy products from Myer and this trust from the customer gained a great brand value for the company in Australia (McKay, 2007). Negative Aspects Every e-commerce sites have technical as well as non-technical aspects. There is lack of technical support always takes place in this type of business as well as many fraud cases can also takes place. The main problem is the poor maintenance of e-commerce site (Newell and Card, 1985). And many hacking software are developing day by day which is main problem nowadays. Network problem is also a great issue in this type of business. So every business have its negative aspects but if it is properly maintained by the companies it will run smoothly but many companies cannot afford it due to high maintain cost. Review of the Nominated Website According to the research Mr. beans who is a small businessman in victoria states that he had bought a pair of shoes from Myer but from his point of view the service of the employee was average but the product was good as he was fully satisfied and he also got a birthday voucher consisting 30% off on that pair of shoes. And another person Mr. Jonny who is sportsman tried to navigate the site but he faced problem, he tried to call the customer care but the customer care were busy with other customer. He also tried to find similar link for the site but due to lack of update he was not able to open the site. But from my point of view, sometimes technical errors can takes place its ok but proper customer service is needed for the customer otherwise it will create a negative impact in the mind of the customers. So Myer should improve its customer service otherwise this sites provides genuine goods to their customers. The high managers or officers should talk with their employees so that t hey could provide good customer service towards their customer. The company has a value in the market and they cannot do anything wrong that will harm their reputation. The company should hire more employees for their customer service as well as their security services (Ockerman, 2007). They should not have any technical errors in their sites as because this will shift many customers to other shopping sites. And one of the main disadvantages of this site is return and exchange policy it takes many time for the company to exchange a product. If the product is not liked by the customer and if heshe complains for return or exchange of the product then the employee from the company will visit the customers after 2-3 days as there is no urgent exchange or return facility available in the site. This the main problem that arises if the customer buys a product and if he/she leaves the town by the next day then they might face huge problem that is why urgent exchange and return facility shou ld be introduced in the website (Preece, 1994). Conclusion From the above discussion we came to know that Myer is the leading retail market chain in Australia. The company has faced many problems in the early setup of the business but after few years of marketing it has reached to the topmost point in e-commerce as well as retailing market. It is the companies which have proud heritage as well as bright future. The product which they provide to their customer is 100% original product thats why the people of Australia prefer to buy products from this site as well from their retail shop. Myer is also the largest line departmental store group in Australia. The company also works for the promotion as well as for the development of Australia (Sarmento, 2005). Every year new business ideas are introduced by the company in market to attract customers and the employees who works under this company are highly qualified and well mannered. In every five years the Myer develop sharper strategy for more growth in the market. The four strategies of Myer a re customer led offer, beautiful overview of the site, rate of change of productivity as well as omni channel. The company also develops a sustainable strategy were the company focuses on customer, community, environment and business. This strategy is introduced for making the shopping site more attractive so that to attract more customers. The increase in customers leads to high profits. Energy packing and waste management are the main progress of the company which have reduced 2%of energy intensity. The company has made commitment on reducing waste so they have started recycling of the package. And this method of packing also reduces the packaging cost of the product. So the company provides many useful strategies as well as well as it protects the environment from global warming. So at the end the company has taken many useful steps for doing a good healthy business in Australia but the company should improve its customer services which they provide to their regular customers. An d finally we can conclude that the company should provide an urgent return and exchange facility to the customers that will attract more customers to the companys e-commerce site. References Barrier, T. (2002).Human computer interaction development and management. Hershey, PA: IRM Press. Chen, Q. (2001).Human computer interaction. Hershey, Pa.: Idea Group Pub. Ghaoui, C. (2006).Encyclopedia of human computer interaction. Hershey PA: Idea Group Reference. International Journal of HumanComputer Interaction Reviewers 2015. (2016).International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 32(2), pp.87-88. Jacko, J. (2009).Human-computer interaction. Berlin: Springer. Jameson, A. (2013). Choice Architecture for Human-Computer Interaction.FNT in HumanComputer Interaction, 7(12), pp.1-235. Lewis, C. (1990). A Research Agenda for the Nineties in Human-Computer Interaction.HumanComputer Interaction, 5(2-3), pp.125-143. McKay, E. (2007).Enhancing learning through human computer interaction. Hershey: Idea Group Reference. Newell, A. and Card, S. (1985). The Prospects for Psychological Science in Human-Computer Interaction.HumanComputer Interaction, 1(3), pp.209-242. Ockerman, J. (2007). Understanding Mobile Human-Computer Interaction.International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 22(3), pp.289-290. Preece, J. (1994).Human-computer interaction. Wokingham, England: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Ritter, W. (2011). Benefits of Subliminal Feedback Loops in Human-Computer Interaction.Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, 2011, pp.1-11. Sarmento, A. (2005).Issues of human computer interaction. Hershey PA: IRM Press. Shneiderman, B. (1990). Future directions for human computer interaction.International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2(1), pp.73-90. Silverman, B. (1992). Human-Computer Collaboration.Human-Comp. Interaction, 7(2), pp.165-196. Steele, D. (1992).Human computer interaction. London: DISC, BSi Standards. Stephanidis, C. (2009).Universal access in human-computer interaction. Berlin: Springer.

Hypothesis and Emerging Capital Markets

Question: Discuss about the Hypothesis and Emerging Capital Markets. Answer: Since the name of the company should start with the first letter of my first name or last name, I have chosen the company named The Food Revolution Group which is a non-financial company listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). The food revolution group (ASX: FOD) is an Australian company in the public sector which operates state of the art fruit and vegetable processing units in New Zealand and Victoria. The products being manufactured by the company as of now include juices, fibers, high quality infused fruits and bio actives. The company has four major brands as of now namely, The Juice Lab, Hi Fi, Badu and Mixologist. The innovative foundation of the company lies in its extra efficient manufacturing process. It results in maximum yield from fruits and vegetables with minimal waste. It has also been recognized as it won the Victorian manufacturing Hall of Fame award for food and fiber processing in 2015. The company has recently raised $ 12 million in a heavily oversubscribe d offer. A CFO, short for Chief financial officer of a company is the senior most official in the company responsible for evaluating financial risk and overall financial control and planning of the firm or project. Accounting functions such as credit control, monitoring liquidity and expense, providing timely financial data to the CEO, coordinating fund raising are some of the functions which are directly looked after by the Chief financial officer. Over the years, the role of a CFO has emerged from outdated perceptions of being Business prevention units to being repositioned as Business enhancement units. Given their firm grasp on the fundamentals of finance and management qualities, a lot of CFOs have also started adding responsibilities such as IT (Information Technology) to their portfolios. In this essay, we will categorize overall responsibilities of a Chief financial officer into 3 broad heads and see how the decisions of a CFO would impact the overall business taking The foods revolut ion group as an example. The Chief financial officer is responsible for the following 3 major areas of responsibility: Accurate financial information: A CFO is responsible to maintain accurate financial records of the company by managing people under him. Not only the present but even the historical records are necessary to be maintained for various stakeholders. Erroneous numbers can lead to a lot of confusion and wrong decision making. For example, mismatch in numbers being maintained by the finance division and the operations division can lead to confusion and clashes while making decisions. The chief financial officer needs to ensure that the operations team is engaged and should understand how to collaboratively manage a conflict. The finance team needs to standardize metrics which the operational staff can understand with ease. At the same time, he or she should lead the organization to measure the performance of the organization objectively against those metrics. These metrics should be aligned with the goals of the company and should be a clear indication of the performance of the company. In the case of The food revolution group, the CFO needs to lead the entire finance team. He/she needs to ensure that proper financial records of each of the brands are being maintained and shared with all the stake holders. The operations team looking after manufacturing units would be maintaining its records for fixed and variable overhead costs to track their performance. It should be ensured that they are updated with correct data and flaws should be addressed well in time. Different departments might have different objectives and thus different ways of measuring performance. The financial parameters used as a measure of performance should be standardized under the guidance of the Chief Financial Officer. If this is not done, it might lead to unnecessary chaos and instability in the system to track performance of each of the departments. Capital Structuring: The CFO is responsible for the present financial condition of the company. This is why he or she must decide which projects to be approved, which investments to make taking liquidity, cash reserve and risk involved into consideration. Organizing the capital structure is one of the vital tasks of a CFO. Capital structure is how an organization finances its overall operations by using all types of funding it has. It can be a combination of debts (both short term and long term) and equity (both common and preferred). The Chief financial officer additionally needs to stay with the fittingly utilized, in order to give enough liquidity for all the operational needs, while additionally dealing with the budgetary dangers in order to assemble solid essentials. The CFO is a right hand to the CEO in the process of decision making. A CFO may specifically deal with the annuity store by utilizing a group in-house. He may likewise look for the administrations of an annuity reserve administrator or a consultancy who may deal with the asset for the benefit of the company. Likewise, he may join forces with the administration annuity plan or a protection plan for giving retirement advantages to the organization workers. Capital lock up charges from group to operating divisions is one of the tools that can be used so that the management feels the pain and takes accountability while managing cash of the company. Another area where a CFOs decisions can directly help the company in saving money is taxing. He or she needs to change the commercial focus of the organization to be tax efficient. In the case of The foods revolution group, the company might decide to increase the number of manufacturing units or it may decide to increase the number of brands which are presently 4 in number. The CFO plays a critical role in approving projects by taking the present liquidity and risk into account. The company might also decide to shut down some of its operations or brands which are non-performing over a period of time under the guidance of the Chief financial officer. Strategy and Forecasting: A firm needs to continuously analyze its future goals and requirements and take decisions accordingly. A CFO plays a major role in shaping the firms financial future. He or she needs to identify the areas which need to be promoted so that the firm can capitalize on them. His analysis of the present condition of the company, the goals of the company combined with his or her experience in handling situations, he or she has an upper hand in identifying the investment areas which will contribute to maximum profitability of the firm. For example, the CFO needs to identify which brands among all are making maximum profits, the zones where they are performing best and the zones where they are not to make decisions regarding expansion of their manufacturing or sales. Further, he or she needs to understand their performance against the competitors using the available data to realize the scope of the market they are into. Thus, a CFO can help in predicting that which decisions will lead to what scenarios which can be utilized to make decisions for the company to help it achieve its goals. The CFO also takes advantage of the past and current money related execution reports and other accessible assets, investigating them completely in order to set reasonable and achievable targets. Very often, it is observed that the working capital of a company is poorly modeled in the forecasts which might result in upside opportunities. In order to ensure that there is better information about cash performance, it is quite imperative that the CFO implements a robust short term forecasts by taking inputs from various streams within the business. A CFO can leverage their broad perspective of the company, and their prior experience to ensure that every stake holder identifies and addresses relevant factors. Some of these factors are competitor, technological changes and market dynamics. In the case of The Foods Revolution Group, the CEO (Chief Executive Officer) has to keep himself in discussions with the CFO while deciding the future strategies. The present financial condition of the company is one essential factor influencing the future strategies. The CFO needs to provide inputs to the CEO as to what decisions must be made which given the liquidity and the risk of the market which would further increase the financial stability of the company. In the event that a CFO can't satisfy his previously mentioned obligations, it can affect the organization's advancement altogether. He ought to promptly have the capacity to satisfy any of the financing needs of the organization required to accomplish its goal and take the organization in the right direction. While giving assets to extension, CFO needs to guarantee that there are critical fluid assets accessible for smooth working of the disconnected business while additionally keeping sufficient money holds for urgencies. Otherwise, inefficient and poor decisions made by the chief financial officer and his team might hamper the growth of the company or even lead to bankruptcy of the company. Efficient Market Hypothesis: A market is said to be efficient if the current market prices reflect all available information about value. The efficient market hypothesis (EMH), also popularly known as Random walk theory, is a proposition that current stock prices contain all information about the firm and that there is no way to earn excess profits using this information which is contained in the stock prices. EMH was introduced by E.F. Fama who said in a financial paper that in an efficient market, on an average, competition will lead to instantaneous reflection of the full effects of information on intrinsic values in the actual prices. In other words, stocks always trade at the fair value based on all available information. Therefore, no investor can ever buy or sell an undervalued and overvalued stock respectively. This implies that there is no scope for the investor to beat the market in the long run by keep earning excessive returns offered by the market. Also, both a novice an d an expert advisor who holds a diversified portfolio will obtain similar returns regardless of their varying levels of expertise in the field. EMH exists in many forms weak, semi-strong and strong. The weak form of EMH states that current stock prices reflect all available information about market. It contends that excess returns can never be achieved using any form of technical analysis. Therefore, technical analysis is not a practical tool to be used to predict future price changes. To a higher degree, the semi-strong form of EMH assumes that current stock prices adjust quickly to the discharge of all new public information. It concludes that using fundamental analysis one cannot achieve excess returns. Since market prices already reflect public information, investors are not able to gain abnormal excessive returns. The strong form of EMH states that current stock prices reflect all public and private information. It contends that information related to markets, non-markets are contained in public information about the market. It winds up that excess returns cannot be achieved continuously. Role of pension fund manager: The role of a pension fund manager is to decide the strategy he or she would deploy for investment and also to manage its portfolio trading activities. The manager needs to ensure that the portfolio is diversified and also ensure that the risk is appropriate for its clients. For example, different clients might prefer different degrees of returns and risks which must be handled accordingly by the pension fund manager. It is incorrect that the correctness of efficient market hypothesis implies that portfolio selection by a pension fund manager should be done with a pin for several reasons. It is to be noted that a pension fund manager has definite target return goals as well as definite risk control goals. If he or she throws darts at the stock page, he or she may get a diversified portfolio but will not be able to control the return or risk of the resulting portfolio. Also, in case of a pension fund, he or she should be choosing safe investments that is choosing a portfolio with lower beta (lower risk) References International Federation of Accountants, 2013. The Role and Expectations of a CFO. Retrieved from https://www.ifac.org/system/files/publications/files/Role%20of%20the%20CFO.pdf Mian, S., 2001. On the choice and replacement of chief financial officers.Journal of Financial Economics,60(1), pp.143-175. Anderson, C. (2016). What Are the Top Ten CFO Responsibilities. Retrieved September 7, 2016 from https://www.bizmanualz.com/be-a-better-boss/what-are-the-top-ten-cfo-responsibilities.html Malkiel, B.G., 1991. Efficient market hypothesis. InThe World of Economics(pp. 211-218). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Malkiel, B.G., 2003. The efficient market hypothesis and its critics.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,17(1), pp.59-82. Beechey, M., Gruen, D.W. and Vickery, J., 2000.The efficient market hypothesis: a survey. Reserve Bank of Australia, Economic Research Department. Holton, G., 2006. Efficient Market Hypothesis. Timmermann, A. and Granger, C.W., 2004. Efficient market hypothesis and forecasting.International Journal of forecasting,20(1), pp.15-27. LeRoy, S.F., 2010. Efficient market hypothesis.Encyclopedia of Quantitative Finance. Sewell, M., 2011. History of the efficient market hypothesis.RN,11(04), p.04. Yen, G. and Lee, C.F., 2008. Efficient market hypothesis (EMH): past, present and future.Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies,11(02), pp.305-329. Aga, M. and Kocaman, B., 2008. Efficient market hypothesis and emerging capital markets: empirical evidence from Istanbul Stock Exchange. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics,13(1), pp.131-144.

Sample College Essay Cover Page

Sample College Essay Cover PageA sample college essay cover page is a fantastic way to put yourself in the center of attention and give your potential readers a glimpse into the personality that you have. It's important that a reader knows who you are, what you're looking for, and what sort of person you'd like to be when you finish your essay.Since your paper is going to be read by so many people, it's important that your paper has everything that you need to write it. You can't have things to worry about or talk about, since this will only cause confusion. You'll find that when you have everything needed at your fingertips, it's easy to get the writing down.You will have to think about the style of writing you're going to use in order to succeed with this assignment. There are a lot of different styles that you can choose from, but you'll want to choose one that has a personal touch to it. If you don't try to voice yourself from the heart, you won't be able to do it well. You will also want to try to use common phrases that people say over again, which will help to make the content more friendly.It's very important that you include the most important components of your paper, including the body of your paper. Many students tend to skip this part, which is very unfortunate. You will want to be sure that the title you give the paper is all there and contains everything that you need to fill it out.Remember that you will also be answering a few questions that might appear on your paper. If there is any information that's required, be sure to include it. Making sure you do your best to get everything you need is extremely important for your essay to be as professional as possible.A great idea to add to your strategy is to try to make an outline for your essay. Your entire paper will revolve around the skeleton of the essay, so you'll want to know what kind of structure you'll need to put your paper together.Once you've got all your strategies in place, you won't have to worry about how a student won't like what you have to say. The best strategy is to know what you're doing. This strategy should work for almost anyone.

Plato The Allegory of the Cave Essay Example

Plato The Allegory of the Cave Paper Plato was a Philosopher who used a story based on people imprisoned in a cave to explain the way in which he thought humans formed ideas based on their senses. The story is known as the Allegory of the Cave and is one of Platos most famous passages. The allegory has different meanings at different levels; therefore there is not just a single moral in this story. Plato believed that there were two worlds, the world of appearance, the world we are in, and another world known as reality a world we were all in before we entered the world of appearance, however we cant remember it. Plato suggests that the body is a kind of prison in which the soul is trapped. The allegory begins with several prisoners tied up and trapped in a cave with little light. Plato uses this to show how he feels the soul is trapped in the body, as if it were imprisoned. The only light comes from a small fire, which is also used as a projector to show images of puppets on a wall in front of where the prisoners are positioned. The prisoners are only aware of one thing in the cave, the shadows created by the puppets. They believe that the shadows are a form of real life; to them they are real images but according to Plato they are very mistaken. The prisoners have lived in the cave all their lives and know no different. We will write a custom essay sample on Plato The Allegory of the Cave specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Plato The Allegory of the Cave specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Plato The Allegory of the Cave specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Plato uses this to show how we build up knowledge based on what we see. As the prisoners have never know any other form of life or even another world they are forced into thinking that there experience is normal, because that is all that their senses have ever experienced. Furthermore, Plato claims that the prisoners would assume that the echoes made by the people came from the shadows of the puppets, and that these echoes would also be taken as reality. As is now evident, the shadows are highly (and deliberately) analogous to everyday beliefs held to be true by the majority of people, which in reality are no more than mere illusions. Plato is here demonstrating, by use of the shadows, what he believes to be the lower level of intellect, i.e. belief, as opposed to the higher level of intellect, i.e. knowledge {or dialect}. On what grounds might Platos understanding of human knowledge be criticised? Platos understanding of human knowledge may be criticised on a number of grounds, the first and most fundamental of which in my opinion, would be the abstractness of his theory of knowledge, specifically, the theory of the forms. Many may argue that the idea of having a non-temporal, non-spatial, universally perfect form for every object in the phenomenal world is, quite plainly, ridiculous, on the grounds that perfect form is only relative to the person or standard judging that form. Take for example, Platos perfect form of beauty. We see numerous examples in everyday life of peoples perceptions, and differences of opinion in matters of beauty; in relation to art, sexual partners, cars, in fact almost anything. The idea that the amount of beauty in the above things can be agreed upon by every single person seems absurd enough, never mind the absurdity of a universal form of beauty being agreed upon. The elitism of Platos understanding may also be criticised, as it may seem immoral to some because of the arrogance portrayed by him. What Plato is actually claiming is that only a tiny minority of people like himself have true understanding, and that the rest are ignorant and wrong. Platos attitude is summed up by his quotation of Homer, to illustrate his point, effectively saying how he would rather be a surf in the house of some landless man than live and think as they do. A further criticism would be that Platos understanding of knowledge has no practical relevance, as it gives no indication or guide as to how to achieve the higher levels of intellect or, more importantly, how to apply his theory to the moral field of making everyday decisions.

Martial Arts Essay

Martial Arts Essay Free Online Research Papers Martial artists excel in body dynamics beyond an â€Å"ordinary† person for several reasons. Karate-ka (karate students) study hand to hand combat in the same essence as a college student studies any degree major. Through years of study, a history student may be considered â€Å"advanced† in their knowledge of history; and an â€Å"ordinary† person could not begin to compare the world’s timeline with the history student. In karate, there is the same principle with a different field of expertise. Karate-ka becomes one with their mind, body, and spirit allowing them to use any part of their body as a â€Å"useful† weapon. This happens through endless hours of training and practicing hand to hand combat techniques. Throughout years of teaching passed down from the old master’s of karate, students have learned the dynamic body science of karate-do. M. Nakayama (1977) states: â€Å"If karate is practiced solely as a fighting technique, this cause for regret. The fundamental techniques have been developed and perfected through long years of study and practice, but to make effective use of these techniques, the spiritual aspect of this art of self-defense must be recognized and must play the predominate role† (p. 9). Because karate-ka inherits these teachings, they are no longer ordinary, but extraordinary. An â€Å"ordinary† person will not comprehend the importance of â€Å"correct form† while action occurs throughout a technique. M. Nakayama (1977) states â€Å"Prerequisites of correct form are good balance, a high degree of stability and the order of movements of each part of the body, since movements are made in quick succession in short period of time† (p. 48). Punching Basic principles of executing a technique, for example, block, strike or kick, are the order of action from start to finish. This is a vital part of generating the maximum amount of power the individual can generate. Understanding the source of power for the different techniques is essential, for example, the hips. An ordinary person would not think that hips would physically start the action. Rather, they may think the shoulders or upper body presents the first actions. An ordinary person, John Longendyke, Jr (2007, July 6th) explains that â€Å"his† body action for a punch would rotate backward first within the shoulders, then drive forward with his upper body into the target. Nakayama (1978) states that there is explosive hidden power in techniques; for punching, the upper body works in conjunction with the hips, not separate. Although, the first physical action starts with the action of the hips, following quickly by the upper body without â€Å"backward† or â€Å" loading† action. Edmond Otis and Randall G. Hassell (2002) state â€Å"A hand that is tightly clenched is called a fist. A hand that remains forever tightly clenched is called deformed. A balance between hard and soft determines usefulness† (p. 27). The proper production of a fist is a common error within most people. The first action of an â€Å"ordinary† person is to close their fist, tighten their entire body, and then pull back to swing for the fence. Karate-ka practice relaxation throughout the entire technique, until the moment of impact; creating smooth and fast fluidity of the body action. Otis and Hassell (2002) also state â€Å"Always move from the center of your body, where your major strength lies† (p. 34). Once again, this key fact comes into the â€Å"simple† act of executing a technique. As most people lean their head forward into the punch, karate-ka keeps their head over the hips; this allows the body to stay connected from the ground up. Hard and Soft Blocking Techniques Edmond Otis and Randall G. Hassell (2002) states â€Å"hard blocks are the blocks you use in these situations; you are caught by surprise, you can’t move to get out of the way and the attack is very strong and well-timed.† Hard blocks are precise and sharp. This type of block creates a direct impact to the limb that is striking to move the limb out of the way. Edmond Otis and Randall G. Hassell (2002) later state â€Å"soft blocks are smooth and flowing, often deflecting an opponent’s attack without them knowing it has missed, until it is too late† (p. 132). Generally, soft blocks are used in a more advanced skill level; performing soft blocks takes comfortability and confidence. Nick Debouno (2007, July 25th), states â€Å"I am not sure what I would do if someone tried to punch me, hopefully, move out of the way. I do not know the difference between a hard and soft block, and what they could do for me in a fight.† See graph below for the conducted experiment. The experiment was conducted for the following reasons. First, to see if an â€Å"ordinary person†, Nick Debouno, could block a punch thrown by surprise. Second, to see if a hard or soft block was performed. Third, to see if Nick was hit by the second attack. And fourth, to see if his block allowed him to counter strike the initial attack. Successful blocks made by surprise attack Hard or Soft block Hit by second attack Counter attack made Attack #1 No None Yes None Attack #2 Yes Hard Yes None Attack #3 Yes Hard No None Attack #4 No None Yes None Attack #5 No None Yes Yes (irritation) Attack #6 Yes Soft No Yes Attack #7 No None Yes None Attack #8 No None Yes None Attack #9 No None Yes None Attack #10 No None Yes None Hard and Soft blocks contribute to ones safety. As show in Attack #2 and #3, the two successful â€Å"Hard blocks† lead Nick to protect himself against the initial attack. Attack #2, Nick was hit by the second and following attack. Attack #3, Nick was able to protect himself against the primary and secondary attack. Attack #6 was a successful â€Å"soft block†. These actions lead Nick to counter correctly, not just out of irritation. The graph below is the same experiment held with Sam Jones (2007, July 24th), a three-year practitioner of Shotokan Karate. Successful blocks made by surprise attack Hard or Soft block Hit by second attack Counter attack made Attack #1 Yes Hard No Yes Attack #2 Yes Soft No Yes Attack #3 No None Yes Yes Attack #4 Yes Soft No Yes Attack #5 Yes Hard No Yes Attack #6 No None Yes No Attack #7 Yes Soft No Yes Attack #8 Yes Soft No Yes Attack #9 Yes Hard Yes None Attack #10 Yes Hard No Yes As this graph displays, every â€Å"soft block† was followed by a successful counter-attack. This allowed Sam Jones not to be struck by the second attack. Attack #3 and #6 were the only two attacks that penetrated 100% successfully. As a note: Neither participant was harmed during this experiment. Snapping and Locking Techniques Each area of the human body is made of a different structure; hard and soft, large and small. Snapping and locking techniques are designed to penetrate different areas of the human body. For example, snapping techniques were designed for smaller and hard surfaces; locking techniques were designed for larger, soft surfaces. Edmond Otis and Randall G. Hassell (2002) comment on snapping techniques, â€Å"As a general rule snap strikes are sharper and faster. This means that the moment of contact is very short and doesn’t leave a lot of time for the momentum of the technique, or the force, to transfer to the target.† As a reflection or counterpart to snapping techniques, locking techniques are used to strike ribs and solar plexus. Otis and Hassell later say: â€Å"Locking or sticking strikes, on the other hand, is heavier. They take a little more time to apply because you need to commit more of your body weight to the technique. It simply takes more time for all the energy in these techniques to leave your body and go into something (or someone) else.† This is evident that the ordinary person would not know the difference between these two types of techniques, or which areas would require a snapping or locking technique. Nick Debouno (2007, July 25th) says, when asked if he would strike different depending on the area of the body he was hitting: â€Å"I don’t see a difference, I would hit my attacker the same, whether it is to the body or face, punching is punching and kicking is kicking. I understand the head is harder than the body; that is why the head is more sensitive to impact, because of the direct contact to the bones and nerves. I feel that driving my punch or kick through the target would create more damage to a harder surface than a softer surface.† Timing and Distance Edmond Otis (2002) says â€Å"Karate is always about timing and distance. It is always about our relationship to our opponent. My view is that ultimately karate is about striving to be at our best, our most focused, our most balanced, our most dynamic precisely at the moment our opponent is at their weakest.† Proper timing and distance relate to the impact delivered to our opponent. If timing is too early for an attack, our opponent will have the time he or she needs to evade or block. If timing is too late for an attack, well it is too late. If our distance is too short, we do not reach our opponent with the technique. If our distance is too close our technique will be shortened and not fully dynamic. Timing and distance coincide with each other, working as one action; we can not have one without the other. Timing is the relationship between our opponent’s movement and the moment we will strike. Our objective is to strike when the attacker is at their weakest. Striking an opponent happens at three different levels of timing. One, after the attack, occurs; meaning the attacker will attempt a strike, the defendant will then time his or her dcounter-attack after the attacking actions are complete. Two, during the attack; meaning the defendant will counter attacker during the attacker’s action. Three; before the attack; meaning the defendant will strike the moment the attacker moves slightly, thus preventing an initial attack. Distance is the spatial relationship between two bodies. The range of any individual depends on how close or far they are from the other body. Proper distance varies per individual and pending on what type of technique is being used. This will allow proper room and distance to complete â€Å"said† technique. Nick Debouno (2007, July 25th), an â€Å"ordinary person† explained that if he was engaged in a â€Å"self-defense† situation, â€Å"I would much more comfortable being far away from the attacker; if I needed to punch him, I would move in close and swing.† Later Nick Debouno explains, â€Å"while I am punching, I would not wait for my attacker to move into me, I would move towards them; my elbow would be bent enough to drive through the face of my attacker!† This is an example of improper timing and distance; once again, martial artists will strike when their opponents are at their weakest. This means, strike while our opponents have either comp leted their action, during their action or just before their action. Conclusion Through experiments and interviews with â€Å"ordinary† people, it is found that they do not have the knowledge or physical skill set to excel in body dynamics. Punching, blocking, timing, and distance was found to be incorrect. Karate experts such as Nakayama, Otis, and Hassell have pointed the key elements and the essentials of these specific areas. This has been found by their expertise and countless hours of training, proving that martial artists excel in body dynamics in the context of self-defense. Subsequently, an ordinary person would be hurt or would hurt themselves if ever engaged in combat. Theoretically, an ordinary human being would injure themselves as a result of not having proper technique during their own attack, by not blocking properly or by not having the proper reaction, timing, and distance. In contrast, martial artist understands the basics of punching, blocking and proper reaction, timing, and distance. Martial artist use their own body as a weapon wit hout self-injury. 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